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ืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืœืงื•ืžื™ืงืก | ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ืจื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืฉื˜ื— ืžื”ื™ืจื”



ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืฆื‘ื™ืขืช ืขืžื•ื“ ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ื”ื•ื ืฆื‘ื™ืขืช ืฆื‘ืข ืฉื˜ื•ื—.


ืฆื‘ื™ืขืช ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื–ื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžื•ื ื•ื˜ื•ื ื™. ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช, ืื– ื—ื‘ืœ ืœื‘ื–ื‘ื– ืขืœ ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉ, ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื? ื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฆื‘ืขืชื™ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฆื™ื™ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ืœืžื“ืชื™ ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™. ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ - ืฉื”ืฉื ืฉืœื™ ืœื ื™ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”โ€ฆ ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืืกื”. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœืžื“ืชื™ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ืงื™ื ืœืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื•ื—ืœืงื”. ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ืืชื ื›ืืŸ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?


ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืกืฃ ื•ื›ืœื™ื


  1. ืงืœื™ืค ืกื˜ื•ื“ื™ื• ื”ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื” ื”ื›ื™ ืงืœื” ืœืฆื‘ื™ืขืช ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื. ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืื‘ืœ ื ื™ืชืŸ ื’ื ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ื—ืœื•ืคื™ื™ื ืœืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ื‘ืคื•ื˜ื•ืฉื•ืค.

  2. ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืขื ืฉื›ื‘ืช ืœื™ื™ื ืืจื˜ ืžื•ื›ืŸ. ื”ืงื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืงืข, ื•ื”ืงื• ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช. ืื ื‘ื ืœื›ื ืœืชืจื’ืœ, ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ.

  3. ืคืœื˜ืช ืฆื‘ืขื™ื, ืื• ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืžื ื• ื ื“ื’ื•ื ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื.

  4. ืœื ืกื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืœืคื ื™, ืื—ืจื™, ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™.

  5. ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”.


ื”ื™ื” ื ื—ืžื“ ืขื ื”ืœื™ื™ื ืืจื˜ ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืฉืœื, ืœืœื ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžืชืื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœืฆื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ื“ืœื™ ื‘ืœื—ื™ืฆืช ื›ืคืชื•ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื›ื›ื”. ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื™ืจ ืžื›ืชื™ื‘ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื“ื™ื•ืง ื•ื—ื‘ืœ ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื–ื”.


ืื– ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืžื” ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช, (ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืจืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืคื•ืกื˜, ืžื•ื“ื”). ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื›ื ื” ืื•ืชื ืืชื’ืจื™ื.


ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ, ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื›ืคื•ืœื™ื ื•ืžืจื•ืฉืชื™ื, ื—ืœืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“. ื›ืืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืจืื” ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื›ื™ ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื•ืžื”ื™ืจื”.




ื”ื›ื ื”


ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืฉืจืง ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืชื›ื•ืŸ ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœื—ืžื ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ืจ ืžืจืืฉ? ืชืžื™ื“ ืขืฆื‘ืŸ ืื•ืชื™ ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”, ืื– ื”ื ื”:


ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ื ืฉืžื•ืจ ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื‘ืฉื ืื—ืจ. ื ื ื™ื— "ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืื™ืงืก_ืฆื‘ืข". ื‘ืขืชื™ื“, ืื ื ื”ืจื•ืก ืืช ื”ืงื• ืœื ืขืœื™ื ื• (ืงื•ืจื” ืœื›ื•ืœื,) ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ื™ื‘ื ืื•ืชื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืžื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™. ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชื—ื™ืœ.


ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช


  1. ืื ื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื•ืกื™ืคื” ืฉื›ื‘ื” ืื•ืชื” ืื ื™ ืžื›ื ื” "ืžืกืš ื™ืจื•ืง". ื”ื™ื ืฆื‘ื•ืขื” ื›ื•ืœื” ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ื‘ื•ื”ืง ืฉืœื ื™ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจ. ื™ืจื•ืง ื–ืจื—ื ื™, ื•ื•ืจื•ื“ ืฆื•ืจื—, ืื• ื›ืœ ืฆื‘ืข ืžืื•ื“ ืจื•ื•ื™. ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื”ื–ื” ื™ื‘ืœื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื. ื ืขืœื• ืืช ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื”. ืชื›ืฃ ืชืจืื• ืœืžื” ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘.

  2. ืขื•ื“ ืฉื›ื‘ื” ืืคื•ืจื” ืฉืชืขื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื. ื ืขืœื• ื’ื ืื•ืชื”.

  3. ื ื›ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ื‘ื” ืจื™ืงื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฆื‘ืข ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื ืคืจื“ืช ืœืฆื‘ืข ื”ืจืงืข. ืœืžื”? ื–ื” ื—ื•ืกืš ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื™ื“ืžื” ืœืจืงืข, ื•ืžื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืœืจื™ื ื“ื•ืจ ืงืœ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš.



ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืฆื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช


ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ื“ืœื™ ื›ืš:


ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื’ื ื›ืš:



ืฉืœื‘ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ: ืžืฆื•ื“ ืื—ืจ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื


ืขืจื›ื• ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ืง ืžื”ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ื›ืš ืฉืชืจืื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš ืืช ื“ืฃ ื”ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ื‘ืžืœื•ืื•. ืื ื”ืžืกืš ืฉืœื›ื ืงื˜ืŸ (13" ื•ืžื˜ื”), ื›ื“ืื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ืžืกืš ืžืฉื ื™ ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”. ืื ืื™ืŸ ืœื›ื, ืชืฆื™ื’ื• ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื”ื“ืฃ ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš, ื•ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื–ื”, ืขื‘ืจื• ืœื—ืฆื™ ื”ืฉื ื™.


ื›ื‘ื• ืืช ืฉื›ื‘ืช ืงื• ื”ืจืงืข. ื›ืขืช ืชืจืื• ืจืง ืืช ืงื• ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช.


ื”ื“ืœื™ืงื• ืืช ื”ืžืกืš ื”ืืคื•ืจ. ื›ืš ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ื•ื—ืจืช ืœื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ืžื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชืืžื” ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ืข ืขื•ืจ ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืจื•ื•ื™ื ื•ื”ืืคื•ืจ ื“ื•ืื’ ืœื›ืš ืฉืœื ืื’ื–ื™ื.


ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื“ื•ื’ื (i) ื‘ื—ืจื• ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืžื”ืคืœื˜ื”/ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื›ื ืชื. ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ืช ืฆื‘ืข ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช, ืžืœืื• ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื“ืœื™ (G).



ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžื ืขื™ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช.


ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืจื’ืข ื”ื™ื ืœื˜ืคื˜ืฃ ืœืชื•ืš ื›ืœ ืคืื ืœ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื” ืื—ืช ืžื›ืœ ืฆื‘ืข ืฉืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•. ืื™ืคืฉื”ื•. ื’ื ืื ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื“ื•ืœืฃ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืจืฆื•ื™ ืื• ืžืžืœื ืจืง ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืงื˜ื ื”. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื”ื›ืœ.



ืฉืœื‘ ืฉื ื™: ื›ื‘ื™ืฉืช ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื


ืชื–ื›ืจื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช.


ื ืงืจื‘ ืืช ื”ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ื›ืš ืฉืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืคืื ืœื™ื ืชืžืœื ืืช ื”ืžืกืš. ืื ื”ืžืกืš ืงื˜ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืœืคืื ืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“. ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืงื•ื“ื, ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืคืื ืœ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื•ืœื”ืชืขื›ื‘. ื›ืขืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฆื•ื‘ืขื™ื.


ื ื“ื’ื•ื ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืจืฆื•ื™ (i) ื•ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื“ืœื™ (G) ื ืžืœื ื›ืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืžืชืื™ื ืœื•.


ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื™ื™ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื™ืœื—ืฅ ืžื›ืœ ื—ื•ืจ. ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื›ืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ืžืœื ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืฉืžืชืื™ื ืœื•. ื’ื ืื ื–ื” ื“ื•ืœืฃ ื˜ื™ืคื”, ืื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื.


ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืžื‘ืจืฉืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื˜ื•ื ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžื™ื“ื™.


ื˜ื™ืค: ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืœืืกื•


ืืฆืœื™ ืงื• ื”ืฉื™ืขืจ ื•ื”ืคื ื™ื ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ืœื ื˜ื•ืจื—ืช ืœื ืกื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ื“ืœื™. ืื ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืžืจืืฉ ืฉื”ืฆื‘ืข ื™ื“ืœื•ืฃ ืœื›ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื—ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืจื—ื”.


ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืœืืกื• (M) ื ืงื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืจืฆื•ื™. ืื ื—ื ื• ื“ื•ืื’ื™ื ืœื”ืฆืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืจืง ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื ื—ื•ืจื™ื. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ืืช ืงื• ื”ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืœืืกื•.


ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื“ืœื™ (G) ื•ื ืžืœื ืืช ื”ืฉื˜ื—.



ืขื•ื“ ื˜ื™ืค: ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืœืžื“ ืžืฉื”ื• ืงื˜ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื“ืœื™


ืœื—ืฆื• ืขืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ืจื™ืง. ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืจื™ืฆื• ืืช ื”ื“ืœื™ ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื. ื”ื•ื ื™ืชืžืœื ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืข. ื›ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืจื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืจื›ื‘ืช ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืจื™ืงื™ื.



ืฉืœื‘ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™: ื”ืฉืœืžืช ื—ื•ืจื™ื


ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื“ื™ื™ืง ืขื“ ื”ืกื•ืฃ, ืœืžืœื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืขืงืฉื ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื“ืœื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช.


ื”ืคืขื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ืžืกืš ื”ื™ืจื•ืง. ื”ื•ื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืจื™ื.


ืงืจื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ื›ืš ืฉืคืื ืœ ืฉืœื ื™ืžืœื ืืช ื”ืžืกืš.



ื˜ื™ืค: ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืœืžื“ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœื™ ืœื”ืฉืœืžืช ื—ื•ืจื™ื


ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ืœื™. ื‘ืชืคืจื™ื˜ ืชืชื™ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื ืžืฆื ื›ืœื™ ื”ืฉืœืžืช ื—ื•ืจื™ื (Close and fill). ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื• ืื•ืชื• ื›ืš:



ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื–ื™ื”ื™ื ื• ื—ื•ืจ, ื ื“ื’ื•ื ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืจืฆื•ื™.


ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื›ืœื™ ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื ืงื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืขื ื”ื—ื•ืจ. ื”ื›ืœื™ ืžื—ืคืฉ ืื™ื–ื” ืฉื˜ื— ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืชื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื”ืงืคื”, ื”ื•ื ืžื–ื”ื” ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืงื• ื”ืชื•ื—ื, ื•ืžืžืœื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื•.


ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืœืžืช ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืฉื›ื ื•ืช ืœืฆื‘ืข ืื—ืจ: ืฉื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื“ื” Area scaling ืœืขืจืš [1-]




ืื ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื’ื•ืœืฉ, ืื• ืœื ืžื’ื™ืข ืขื“ ืœืงื•, ืฉื—ืงื• ืขื ื”ืขืจืš Area Scaling ืขื“ ืฉืชื’ื™ืขื• ืœืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ืจืฆื•ื™ื”.


ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื’ื ื‘ืžื‘ืจืฉืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืœื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื.


ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ืคืื ืœ ืื—ื“ - ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืคืื ืœ ื”ื‘ื. ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื” ืขื“ ืœืกื•ืฃ ื”ืขืžื•ื“.



ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฆื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืจืงืข ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืคื•ื˜ื•ืฉื•ืค.


ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืชื•ืจื™ื“ื• ืืช ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื•ืชืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืชืืžืŸ. ืืชื ืžืžืฉ ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืฉืœื™, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ. ื•ืฉืชืคื• ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื!


ื ื”ื ื™ืชื? ืชื–ืจืงื• ืœื™ ืื™ื–ื• ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช. ืืœ ืชืฉื›ื—ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืง ื•ืœืฉืชืฃ. ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ืžืกืข!


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